Following a review of approaches used in Ireland and other countries, it was clear that the approach should consider the number of occupied hectads (10 km × 10 km squares). Following discussion with other experts, we set the following thresholds:

• Rare species occur in 10 hectads or fewer. 10 hectads equates to about 1% of the land area of Ireland.
• Scarce species occur in between 11 and 50 hectads. 50 hectads equates to about 6% of the land area of Ireland.

We tested these on existing datasets for macro-moths and water beetles. We developed a set of PostgreSQL/PostGIS views that consistently processed and analysed these raw biodiversity datasets. We also generated standardised distribution maps for all 861 insect species through a novel use of atlas functionality in QGIS.

We also pushed the process further to provide additional insights into the distribution of each species. This included:

• Distinguishing coastal species, defined as species where 75% of occupied hectads were within 1 km of the coastline. To aid interpretation, inland and coastal hectads were shaded differently on the maps.
• Identifying geographic skew in species distributions, calculated using the spatial distribution of the underlying records. This skew was presented on each map as standard box-and-whisker plots, and using cardinal and intercardinal compass directions (e.g. north-eastern).
• Recognising species that had a patchy distribution using a DBSCAN cluster analysis algorithm. This helped to identify species that had no clear geographic skew but were nonetheless geographically restricted.

We also considered whether it was possible to assess the abundance of a species in the hectads from which it was recorded. This needed to overcome the effect of variable recording effort, which means that abundances in different datasets are not comparable. We therefore developed a Normalized Hectad Abundance Score, which scored the abundance of each species from 0 (lowest abundance, which is usually an average of 1 record per hectad) to 1 (the species with the highest average number of records per hectad) within each dataset.

All this information was clearly included on the maps, to facilitate the expert review of the results.

Further information from Mike Lush.

Deer are large animals that are a potential hazard to vehicles on the road. Each year in the UK alone, it is thought that over 700 people suffer injuries or fatalities and over £17 million is spent on vehicle repairs because of Deer Vehicle Collisions (DVCs). In Scotland, a combination of increasing deer populations, especially in the central belt, and a growth in traffic has led to an increase in DVCs.

Exegesis was awarded a contract to collect and analyse data on Deer Vehicle Collisions (DVCs) in Scotland between 2019 and 2021. This work involved obtaining DVC records from a variety of sources in the public, private and third sectors, collating it into a consistent database, and analysing the data to identify trends and highlight areas of concern. This continued work undertaken since 2008 that had established data collation, processing and analysis protocols.

We added 5,479 records of DVC incidents in Scotland, bringing the total in the database for 2008 to 2021 up to 22,753 records. These were analysed in detail and a full report produced. Key findings included:

• Whilst there has been no recent significant increase in DVCs in Scotland overall, there has been a general increase in the central belt that has been offset by a decrease in northern Scotland (see map).
• Dusk is the worst time for DVCs, especially in May and June when overall numbers of DVCs are higher. This information can be used to target mitigation activities.
• There was no evidence of a decrease in DVC incidents resulting from travel restrictions introduced due to the Covid-19 pandemic (shown below). This contradicts claims of an anthropause where human impacts on wildlife were reduced. Nevertheless, the number of DVCs reported by members of the public, who would have been affected by the restrictions, were clearly suppressed. This suggests that freight traffic, which was largely unaffected by travel restrictions, was the cause of many DVCs during this time.

We also developed a new approach to analysing DVC risk on sections of the trunk road network, by using a moving window algorithm to identify the parts of roads with the most DVCs. We identified the blackspots with the highest DVC risk from the results. Most of these proved to be junctions surrounded by woodland in the more urban central belt. We recommended actions to mitigate the risk at the 10 worst blackspots.

The report will be published by NatureScot.

Further information from Mike Lush.

The objectives of this review were to:

• Review the ecosystem effects of common cord-grass
• Map the distribution and extent of common cord-grass in Ireland
• Review the options for the control and management of common cord-grass
• Develop a common cord grass control action plan that can be applied to coastal sites in Ireland

Literature review suggested that the perceived impacts of common cord-grass are often speculative. There was evidence of an impact on macrobenthos diversity, which may explain reported impacts on wading birds that feed on these organisms. There is also evidence that it can impact eelgrass Zostera beds. However, few other reported impacts had strong support and there were suggestions that common cord-grass might facilitate other species. There are also uncertainties about the relationship of sediment regimes and common cord-grass, and the potential impact of management and dieback.

Data analysis was undertaken in PostGIS. The extent of common cord-grass was determined based on the two Saltmarsh Monitoring Projects and the SAMFHIRES project. These provided excellent and up to date coverage, suggesting that the extent of common cord-grass was in the range 688 to 1,223 ha. These data combined with presence based records of the species showed that common cord-grass was widely distributed in Ireland, with records intersecting 167 out of 214 coastal sites.

The threat posed by common cord-grass to Annex I habitats was assessed. It was found to pose a substantial threat to three Annex I habitats, with particular concern for the rarest habitat considered (H1420).

Based on the literature review, a mixture of cutting, smothering, excavation and herbicide application could be used to control common cord-grass. However, this came with caveats, as some techniques, such as cutting, are unlikely to be effective on their own, and all techniques risk impacting other species and habitats in the vicinity. We therefore developed a management decision tool to help guide managers though the analysis required to determine the amount of survey and management action required for a site. This was provisionally implemented on the 167 coastal sites with records of common cord-grass to estimate the extent and costs of actions required.

Note that common cord-grass is currently subject to a degree of nomenclatural uncertainty. Formerly known as Spartina anglica, it is now considered to be a member of the genus Sporobolus, as Sporobolus anglicus. However, this change has not been universally accepted.

Further information from Mike Lush.

The aim of the project was to establish the suitability of aerial imagery taken from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to investigate the spatial and temporal extent of bait digging at selected sites in Wales.

Sites were flown at low tides and ortho-rectified seamless mosaics produced. Shore survey and ground truthing was also undertaken, and control holes dug to investigate the persistence of bait digging evidence on different shores. The shores were revisited to assess whether the control holes were still visible, to give an indication of the persistence of damage. The ortho-rectified imagery was used to create bait digging intensity maps on a variety of shore types.

Further information from Mike Lush.

This project developed the iMarDIS Portal - a single point of access to data and associated metadata derived from the collaborative research carried out between MRE industries and Bangor University at Marine Centre Wales. It is a single page application (SPA) that offers a pleasant and responsive user interface on top of the wide range of data services provided by the iMarDIS Web API.

From the portal, it is straightforward to search for datasets using keywords, an intuitive query builder and geographic filtering via the map. You can visualise the results on the map, view detailed metadata and create dynamic charts to help assess the suitability of a dataset for purpose. Both raw and derived datasets can be directly downloaded in the browser. The system also supports multiple languages and includes notifications, comprehensive help, articles, and a feedback mechanism.

For more information contact Andy Brewer.

Given the dynamic nature of the sand dune habitat, it was not possible to use historical mapping, MasterMap or any of the datasets that are normally used for digitising Rights of Way networks. We instead used the most recent available aerial photography to identify and capture the walked lines of the paths.

Once the network had been captured, it was loaded to the CAMS Mobile solution for the fieldwork. This allowed the surveyor to capture details of the furniture items and issues on the network, using the tablet's GPS to assist with positioning and capturing images on the tablet's camera. The data, including the digitised network, were then all synchronised back into the client's CAMS dataset, with all the photos linked to the records.

Further information from Timothy Derbyshire.

Exegesis were asked to develop a straightforward way for the office staff to import these spreadsheets into their CAMS. The spreadsheets contained detailed information that was used by the officers to inform tree management. The data collected in the survey spreadsheets could relate to new trees that were not previously in the system, or existing trees for which the information needed to be updated. The solution needed to create or update tree records in the database as appropriate, and also create spatial information for new trees, based on eastings and northings in the spreadsheet.

We developed an import routine for CAMS that read a user selected spreadsheet, matched the data to trees in the CAMS database, and updated data for existing trees or created new tree records if there wasn't a match. It was also able to make certain calculations from the data, such as working out when the next survey was due. Where new trees were recorded, map features were created automatically for these by the import routine.

Further information from Timothy Derbyshire.

Zero Waste Scotland contracted Exegesis to support Scottish local authorities in meeting the requirement for land zoning data. This involved:

• Providing practical technical advice to local authority staff on the use of GIS to zone land.
• Creating first cut spatial datasets of relevant land to be zoned.
• Processing data on behalf of local authorities in various ways.
• Supporting local authority staff as they determine and apply zones to their data.
• Quality assuring data and preparing it for the Litter Monitoring System.

Data processing was generally undertaken in the PostgreSQL extension PostGIS, using QGIS to view the data in PostGIS. Some processing was also undertaken in GRASS where this was beneficial, such as cleaning and removing small areas from the spatial data (using v.clean, especially the rmarea tool). Advice to local authority staff was tailored to their corporate GIS, mainly ESRI ArcGIS and Pitney Bowes MapInfo.

One of the requirements was that zoned land was split into 1,000 m² sample locations. Each sample location defined an area of land that could be surveyed as part of litter monitoring. Part of the support provided to local authorities was to run the pre-existing QGIS Polygon Divider plugin on supplied data to create the sample locations. This highlighted the need to enhance the Polygon Divider, which we undertook following discussion with Zero Waste Scotland. This included:

• The addition of an approach to split complex polygons into more manageable chunks to the Polygon Divider interface.
• Improved data handling to use memory more efficiently and reduce crashes and failures.
• Implementation of PostGIS compatibility.
• Improved message logging.
• Various minor bug fixes.

The changes to the Polygon Divider were submitted for inclusion in the released tool.

Further information from Mike Lush.

Exegesis was commissioned by GeoPlace in 2019 to build findmystreet.co.uk, a public web platform to publish the National Street Gazetteer (NSG). The NSG is used by local authorities, statutory undertakers, contractors and anyone who needs to work with official street information in England and Wales.

findmystreet.co.uk publishes information about the location of a street, its official name and who is responsible for the maintenance of the street.

The site is built using the cloudscribe content management system with a backend process which draws down the complex NSG data and processes it into a user-friendly interactive map and separate list format.

Further information from Crispin Flower.

Exmoor National Park Authority (ENPA) commissioned Exegesis to upgrade their existing Exegesis HER website to use the current version of HBSMR Web. The site provides information on all known archaeological sites and historic buildings within the National Park; from the earliest recorded human history to recent times. Earthworks, ruins, buildings, landscapes, industrial remains, historic boundaries and routes, military sites and find sites are all included. 

HBSMR Web sites are built within a cloudscribe Content Management System, which gave ENPA the ability to control the appearance and content of web pages within the site. The new site also provides the ability to perform powerful but simple google-like searching across all HBSMR modules. 

Visit the Website: www.exmoorher.co.uk.

Further information from Crispin Flower.

We developed the hub using WordPress to create a mobile-friendly website comprising a comprehensive data management system and public face for the project. This included:

• Pages providing general information about red squirrels and the project.
• The development of data entry forms for squirrel sightings and a range of different surveys.
• Bespoke maps and dashboards to display records in an easy to understand way.
• News/blog pages.
• Forums for groups defined by survey type and location.
• Events manager.
• Full user authentication and management.
• A record of volunteer activities that allows users to log time spent and view their activity.
• A volunteer training record.
• A configurable messaging system that operates for all users or user groups.

We are continuing to provide technical support for ongoing operation of the website.

Visit the Saving Scotland's Red Squirrels hub.

Further information from Mike Lush.

The project outputs consisted of a web interface for configuring the mapper, a modern and feature-rich web application for displaying maps, and consultancy services to JNCC in managing their database and web mapping services.

The project drew on our knowledge of managing large spatial datasets, optimising web mapping services, familiarity with marine habitat classification systems, and expertise in creating interactive web mapping applications.

The new system is currently used to display marine protected area boundaries (MPAs) in UK waters by JNCC. It is also used for a diverse set of habitat and environmental variable datasets as part of the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet).

The mapper can be configured by JNCC staff, who decide which layers should be available, which are displayed by default, and how they may be filtered. It is not restricted to marine mapping and could be configured to display any tiled web mapping services.

Users of the map can search and browse layers, view information about specific habitats by clicking on the map, zoom to areas of interest using a gazetteer, change base maps, and filter layers for specific habitats for species. A permalink system allows users to save their current view of the map and share it with others via a URL.

The mapper is easily deployed and can run as a standalone application or it can be displayed within a content management system to maintain corporate identity. The styling of the mapper itself is customisable so that it can also be themed to meet the style guidelines of the hosting organisation.

This mapper has been one of several marine mapping web applications we have created over the last few years including the United Kingdom Directory of Marine Observing Systems (UKDMOS) ArcGIS desktop application and the Integrated Marine Data and Information System (iMarDIS) https://portal.imardis.org/.

Further information from Andy Brewer.

NRW contracted Exegesis to establish a vegetation monitoring programme that would allow the development of the saltmarsh to be assessed and better understood. This involved:

• Collection of high-resolution aerial photography using out fixed-wing drone.
• The generation of an accurate height model.
• Capture of vegetation communities based on species dominance from the aerial photography and data collected in the field. The resolution of the aerial photography made sub-metre precision mapping possible.
• The selection of three transects across the main site.
• Detailed survey of a series of randomly located 2×2 metre quadrats along the transects, located using a high precision GPS.
• Photographs of transects, quadrats and features of interest.
• A full technical report detailing the methodology and results.

The report recommended repeat monitoring surveys following the same methodology and using the same quadrat locations, so that future vegetation change could be quantified and characterised.

Further information from Mike Lush.

Exegesis was commissioned by Zero Waste Scotland (ZWS) to develop a website and mobile app, plus the underlying database and API, to enable local authorities and other stakeholders in Scotland to monitor litter and fly-tipping incidents.

ZWS is the body responsible for reducing waste and promoting a circular economy in Scotland and has been a FlyMapper partner organisation since 2013. The Litter Monitoring System (LMS) took the pre-existing functionality of FlyMapper and added the ability to record and analyse detailed surveys of street litter. These surveys are used to support the requirements of the Scottish Government's Code of Practice on Litter and Refuse (CoPLAR).

The LMS mobile app is built using Xamarin, a cross-platform development tool that allows the sharing of a codebase between Android and iOS app versions.

The LMS web site allows management of both the fly-tipping and litter monitoring elements and is built within a cloudscribe Content Management System. It already contains details of previously recorded fly-tipping incidents in Scotland.

Data taken from the Technical support for CoPLAR Land Zoning in Scotland project is imported into LMS as local authorities continue to come on-board.

Further information from Richard Griffiths.

The Greenlane Association (GLASS) commissioned Exegesis to rebuild their TrailWise website, a site that maps the byways of England, Scotland and Wales for 4×4 vehicle drivers. TrailWise2 has been designed with the importance of route conservation and responsible driving at the forefront, with each route recording closure status, permit system and driver experiences.

The site allows users to view the routes on a full-screen map or individual details page where they can see details about responsible authority, closure status and permit system. GLASS will be working to record byways in areas where their data is incomplete and to keep the details for the current data up to date.

Further information from Crispin Flower.

• Update the underlying technology, to ensure long-term viability of the website.
• Refresh the design, aligning it with the new GiGL design standards and ensuring a seamless transition from their main site (in WordPress) to the mapping site (in mojoPortal).
• Simplify the mapping interface, making it accessible to a greater number of potential users.
• Have multiple versions of the web map, each displaying different suites of data.

We started the project with a discovery phase involving ESDM managers, developers and technical architects working alongside GiGL staff. The discovery phase explored the requirements and potential solutions, culminating in the development of approved interactive mock-ups that demonstrated the new design.

The new Discover London website was developed using Agile methods and followed the mock-ups and GiGL design standards. Significant difference between the old and new websites included:

• Radical simplication of the map controls, which decluttered the map and met modern expectations for online mapping.
• Use of expandable menus to hide more complex controls and information when not in use.
• Combined place name, postcode and grid reference search functionality that was previously separate.
• Grouping data into switchable themes, providing a much simpler view on related map data. We also ensured that it was possible to link directly to or embed individual themes.
• Removing the ability to turn individual layers on and off. Instead everything can be achieved by switching between themes, which ensures no overlapping data.
• Use of a different map projection, allowing GiGL to benefit from existing mapping services such as OpenStreetMap and Bing.
• Fully responsive design, allowing interaction with the online map via mobile devices.

Exegesis are continuing to support, maintain and develop the Discover London website for GiGL.

Further information from Mike Lush.

In 2017 the Institute for Name Studies at the University of Nottingham began a project to add to the collection of historic place-names recorded for the county of Staffordshire. Researchers in place-names had been moving towards digital recording, which led the University of Nottingham to commission Exegesis to build a website where volunteers and specialists can record place-names. These place-names can then be searched and viewed by the public in list-form and on a map. 

Volunteers, led by place-name specialists, continue to enter data into the Staffordshire place-names website.

Further information from Crispin Flower.

Under the Commons Registration Act 1965, the Council is obliged to maintain a register of all the areas registered as Common Land or as Town or Village Greens, along with details of ownership, rights holders and rights particulars. Managing these data in CAMS allowed integration of the map features for the commons & greens with their database records, something that had not previously been possible. For the first time it enabled users to view a common and all its associated tenements (land holdings with rights over the common) with one click. In addition, holding all the data within CAMS makes it easily available and searchable to a wider range of users.

Exegesis developed a new CAMS module to manage the Common land and Village Green Register, allowing users to easily find information on a range of criteria, such as "who has rights on this common?" or "which commons does this farm have rights over?", and easily keep on top of the day-to-day management of the data. The new Commons module handles all the data from the Commons Register and enables easy production of the hard-copy register sheets as well as various application forms and reports. In addition, tools in the Commons Module assist users with the process of reapportioning tenements when properties change hands.

Further information from Timothy Derbyshire

The first stage was to digitise the route of the new section into the Authority's CAMS. This included correcting the alignment of the path against OS MasterMap and dividing the route into Link sections.

The data were then loaded to the CAMS Mobile table application for survey in the field. The information captured included spatial and text data on all the signage, gates seating and other furniture along the Trail, along with photographs. In addition, detailed information, including mapping and photographs, was captured of all problems encountered along the Thames Path.

The collected data were analysed and loaded into the client's CAMS solution, and copies of map layers, geo-tagged photos and reports were made available to Transport for London.

More information from Timothy Derbyshire.

Prior to the National HLC (NHLC) project, virtually all of England had been characterised through individual HLC projects, but these were at county or sub-regional level, with each of the studies using slightly different methodologies and categorisation methods. In early 2016, Natural England appointed Exegesis to compile a national HLC dataset, drawing together the existing sub-regional HLC datasets and applying a common framework, structure and terminology to a new unified dataset. The aim of the project was to improve the awareness, understanding, appreciation and ability to manage and monitor the historic dimension of England’s landscape at a national scale, for both professional and non-professional end-users.

The database containing the terminology applied to all the different sub-regional datasets was cleaned and then the original terms used were mapped to a bespoke thesaurus, created to ensure that all could be mapped to a suitable, equivalent new term. The associated spatial data was also processed so that the irregular polygons were firstly imported to a merged dataset and then generalised into a gridded dataset. The gridded approach eliminated discrepancies in polygon size or accuracy, and overcame issues where there were small amounts of missing data in the original datasets.

The final gridded dataset was produced at 500m and 1000m scale, with each grid cell having a single associated record with information about the historic landscape character types (both broad types and narrower, character types) and period information. The datasets can be viewed and interrogated in GIS software packages, and when viewed alongside other datasets, the NHLC data can act as an indicator of historic landscape character and can therefore feed in to decisions about landscape management, planning, heritage asset management or research priorities.

View the outputs.

Further information from Abby Hunt.